Skeletal Organization, Bone, and Skull Markings

Organization of skeleton

Axial Skeleton

Skull

Hyoid bone

Vertebrae

Ribs and Sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

Upper Appendicular

Shoulder girdle - clavicle and scapula

Arms - humerus, ulna, radius

Hands and Fingers - carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Lower Appendicular

Pelvic girdle - coxa

Thighs - femur

Legs - tibia and fibula

Feet and Toes - tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Shapes of bones

Flat bone - flat, such as bones of the roof of the skull

Sutural bones - grow between flat bones of skull

Irregular bone - complex, such as vertebrae

Long bone - long, such as bones of the limbs

Short bone - boxy, such as bones of the wrist and ankles

Sesamoid bone - develop inside tendons, such as knee cap

Bone Markings

projections or elevations where tendons and ligaments attach
perforations or depressions where blood vessels and nerves pass

general

Process - any projection or bump

Ramus - an extension making an angle

attachments for tendons or ligaments

Trochanter - large, rough projection

Tuberosity - smaller, rough projection

Tubercle - small, round projection

Crest - prominent ridge

Line - low ridge

for joints

Head - expanded articular end

Condyle - smooth, rounded articular process

Trochlea - smooth, grooved articular process

Facet - small, flat articular process

Spine - pointed process

depressions

Fossa - shallow depression

Sulcus - narrow grove

openings

Foramen - rounded passageway

Fissure - cleft

Meatus - canal

Sinus – chamber

Foramen of the Skull and Vertebrae

Occipital Bone

Foramen Magnum (for medulla/spinal column; vertebral artreries)
Jugular Foramen (for vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves; internal jugular veins)
Hypoglossal Canal (for hypoglossal nerve)

Frontal Bone

Supraorbital Foramen (for supraorbital nerve, sensory branch of ophthalmic nerve)

Ethmoid Bone

Cribriform Plate (for olfactory nerves)

Sphenoid Bone

Optic Foramen (canal) (for optic nerve)
Superior Orbital Fissure (for 3 cranial nerves to eye muscles)
Foramen Rotundum (for maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve)
Foramen Ovale (for mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)
Foramen Spinosum (for vessels to membranes around CNS)

Maxillary Bone

Infraorbital Foramen (for infraorbital nerve, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve)

Temporal Bone

Carotid Foramen (Canal) (for internal carotid artery)
Foramen Lacerum (for internal carotid artery)
Internal Acoustic Meatus (Auditory Canal) (for Vestibulocochlear nerve)
Stylomastoid Foramen (for facial nerve)

Mandible

Mental Foramen (for mental nerve)
Mandibular Foramen (for inferior alveolar nerve, sensory branch of mandibular nerve)

Vertebrae

Intervertebral foramen (for spinal nerves)
Transverse foramen (for vertebral arteries)
Sacral foramen (for spinal nerves)